The word "frieze" in mathematics defines a plane figure whose symmetry group (that is the set of all those transformations of the plane that leave distances unchanged and map the figure onto itself) contains translations, but only those which point in one direction and in fact are all multiples of a base translation.

This figure is thus unlimited (we can apply the same translation 2, 3, 1000 times and the figure will remain unchanged). When we say that a picture on a piece of paper, on a monument or on a computer screen is a "frieze" we are assuming with our imagination that the figure is extending beyond the limit of the page, the wall or the screen.

The symmetry groups of a given 'frieze' are seven and only seven. We list them here assigning to each of them a symbol and the name of some transformations. The symbol will be explained in the sequel. The names of transformations are "evocative", that is they refer to the transformations that best "characterize" the group (e.g. all groups in fact contain translations, thus it would be redundant to include them each time). The other transformations of the given group can be obtained by composing the basic transformations we indicate here.

	p111
	translations
	p112
	rotations
	p1a1
	glide-reflections (that is the composition of a translation and a reflection, whose axes is parallel to the translation vector)
	p1m1
	horizontal reflections (that is with axes parallel to the translation vector)
	pm11
	vertical reflections (that is with axes perpendicular to the translation vector)
	pma2
	vertical reflections and rotations
	pmm2
	vertical reflections and horizontal reflections

The symbol on the left indicates the type of group, it comes from crystallography; it is composed by 4 characters by means of the following rules:

• The first character is always p
• The second character can be 1 or m: (as in mirror). It is "m" when the symmetry group of the given figure contains vertical reflections:
  

  pm11	pma2	pmm2

  it is "1" in all other cases:
  

  p111	p112	p1a1	p1m1

• The third character can be "1" or "m" or "a". It is "m" if the symmetry group of the figure contains a horizontal reflection:
  

  p1m1	pmm2

  it is "a" if the symmetry group of the figure contains a glide-reflection with a horizontal line of reflection.
  

  p1a1	pma2

  it is "1" in all other cases
  

  p111	p112	pm11

• The fourth character can be 1 or 2: it is 2 if the symmetry group of the figure contains rotations of 180°
  

  p112	pma2	pmm2

  It is "1" in all other cases
  

  p111	p1a1	p1m1	pm11

You can find some interactive animations about friezes in Draw your own frieze and Recognize a frieze.

The use of images should stimulate the imagination and curiosity of all visitors. It should arouse interest in the topics addressed that can be usefully exploited to communicate technical content, even of a high level.

On these pages there are insets designed to help visitors to address those parts of the archive where having some technical knowledge might be useful.